South Africa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

South Africa - Assignment Example We would wish the learned people to make the largest group of our tourists as they will be able to understand things easier. During the winter season, we will expect more visitors and the lodging will be paid on daily bases where the size of room taken will determine the cost. Advertising will be the common method of promotion where the internet, television, and radios will be highly used. Guests are going to spend time in our community and experience the beautiful coastal environments as well as experiencing the traditional culture. They will have a bush walk, have a look at the traditional foods and visit a midden. In addition, they will be able to have a look at the art and craft shop, museum and gallery. A sorry ceremony will also be going on and if interested they can attend. Because we will be aiming at a wide coverage, there will be wide use of travel agents. For marketing assistance, we will depend on the industry marketing corporation where we will be granted the opportunity to use the tourist planning website. On day two the visit to Cape Town city was will be conducted by the white shark eco-tourism. On day three the visit to the cultural house will be conducted by the great white shark eco-tourism. On day 4 visits to the wine lands will be guided by Afri Visita tours Stellenbosch South Africa. On day 5 the visit to Lake Sibaya and Wet Land Park would be conducted by two staff of the wet land park. On day 6 the visit to the rural areas will be conducted by Thonga beach lodge.

Comparison of planned and free market economies

Comparison of planned and free market economies Compare and contrast a planned economy with a free market economy. Discuss why in reality most economies are mixed economies. SYSTEM OF THE FREE MARKET ECONOMY The background of this economy is private ownership and individual economic freedom, i.e. the market of this economy operates only on the demand and offer basis, when buyers and sellers by themselves decide what and how to manufacture (Corsi, C. et al., 1997). This the main point of this system. Therefore this system is referred to as the system of the market-driven economy. According to Schotter, A. (1990), In the countries of free market economy, thousands of markets are available, these markets are interconnected by millions of interfaces. Under the conditions of such a complex economy, processes are appropriately controlled and regulated by prices. Changes in market conditions are reflected by changes in prices as the prices inform and encourage the market players to change their behavior (Cobin, M., 2009). In this way, they introduce an order in a chaos. One should not forget that, besides relationship between sellers and buyers and the price arising as the result of this relationship, there are several other market-driven economy elements. One of these elements is private ownership. According to Gianari, N. (1995), Private ownership is the ownership which is disposed by individual personalities and private companies; this is the prime right of the free business system which procures entities with freedom to own and use the products which have a value and to dispose them. Here we have in mind the right of people and business undertakings to be the owners of means of production. Though market elements are available both in custom and command economy, in these economies, fixed production assets (companies, undertakings, agricultural undertakings, mines, and etc.) are owned by communities, which means that they are considered as all peoples ownership (Greaves, B. 2005). The owners of these assets are the groups of people or governments. In the market-driven economy, means of production are owned by private entities ownership is private, whereas resources are distributed by the market in accordance with the laws of demand and offer. Under the conditions of this economic system, each individual may be engaged in any activity he desires provided that he has assets and that demand is available. However, individuals may be forced to terminate their activities if they are short of money. There is a lot of competing with each other entities in the community of capitalism; these entities compete to receive profit, whereas the price level should secure sufficient profit (Przeworski, A., 2001). Private ownership encourages people to use their ownership so that it would bring profit. Profit receiving aspiration encourages businessmen to manufacture products which are on demand and to sell them at the price acceptable to buyers. The profit motive encourages businessmen to manufacture products under cost-effective conditions so that businessmen would be able (Kearns, P., 2007): To increase profit, which means to increase the difference between production costs and the sale price; To sell products at a price lower than the price of competitors. Rao, P. (1998) noticed, that choosing specific products or services in the market, the consumers makes the manufacturers to decide which products are to be manufactured in larger quantities and which in smaller quantities, which products will be on demand and which products will not be on demand. Manufactures which correctly interpret the choices of buyers and which supply products necessary to buyers may have profit. Those manufacturers who do take into accounts these factors manufacture too large quantities or too small quantities or set too high or too low price and therefore do not have profit. The latter often have losses. In the market-driven economy, the votes of consumers may determine the existence or bankruptcy of business. SYSTEM OF THE PLANNED ECONOMY Under the conditions of the planned economy, all decisions concerning what to manufacture, how to manufacture and to whom to manufacture are approved by the sole centre or group (Smith, A., 1983). This economy is based on collective ownership. Fixed production assets are owned by the government, and resources, production and the quantities of future products are distributed according to a plan. The type of the system of the command economy was prevailing in the USSR, Cuba, and North Korea. According to Jozef M. van Brabant (1991), the plans of the system of the centralized economy are drawn up and implemented by the authorities and governmental political leaders after consulting with highly ranked professionals: engineers, economists, industrialists, and other experts. These planners decide which products to manufacture and which services to render. Their vote is decisive in approving decisions whether new undertakings are to be constructed, how many employees are to be employed at u ndertakings, whether modern equipment and advanced technology is to be applied at undertakings. The same planners, on the request of the political authorities of the country, decide who will consume the products manufactured and services, establish the amount of remuneration for everybody as well as the profit and interest rates. When trying to process all information which is necessary to coordinate the activities of a large number of entities in the sole centre, unsolvable problems arise in the system of the command economy. Therefore, in the former USSR and in the closely related Warsaw Treaty countries: Eastern Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Rumania and Hungary, a large number of market elements was available along with the command management (Bosworth, B. (1995). Quite large differences between socialistic countries depended on the portion of assets owned by governments and the rigidity of planning of usage of resources. If the number of products which are on demand amongst people who want to buy them does not coincide with the number of the products offered, the problem of mechanisms which would be capable of forming the equilibrium arises (McEachern, W., 2008). In the country of the market-driven economy, an individual manufacturer who wants to receive optimal profit regularly by itself tries to modify the quantity, quality and price of the products manufactured. It turned out that the system of the planned economy was hardly capable of being flexible and susceptible to changes. Virtually, it is impossible to change official prices. In addition to this, it turned out that it is very difficult to change the offer planned between the undertakings themselves as well as between companies and consumers. At long last, the desire to obtain acceptable quality at an acceptable price was seldom satisfied. Thus, here, the market incentive is replaced by the commands of authorities. Therefore, here, it is difficult to change the price of products, to satisfy the needs of consumers to develop the growth of the economy at a fast pace. According to McEachern, W. (2008), this was caused not only by the problems arisen in the cause of attempts to process such a large amount of information necessary to balance all the branches of economy in the centralized way but also for the reason that the deficit of products often satisfied the economic interests of a large number of distributers better than trade in the balanced market. SYSTEM OF THE MIXED ECONOMY One hardly may find the pure system or the system of the free market market-driven economy in the modern world. Though it is declared that the major economic decisions in the country are dictated by the market, the role of the government in the procedure of adopting these decisions is increasing (Ikeda, S., 1996). For example, 50 years ago the USA government acquired 15 per cent of the total number of products manufactured and the services rendered in America, whereas for the being time this figure already amounts to 20 per cent. Due to this combination of market forces and participation of the government, the economy of America and a large number of other democratic countries is referred to as the mixed economy. The economy of countries which were included in the composition of the former USSR and which were under the influence of the former USSR now also is referred to as mixed one (Ikeda, S., 1996).. The economy of countries of the modern world constitutes the combination of market-driven and governmental economies. Baumol, W. and Blinder, A. (2008) think that, in such countries as USA, the UK, France, Germany, Japan, and many other countries, the mixed capitalistic system is applicable. Thus, in the mixed economy, economic freedom prevails. However, some decisions are adopted by groups, very often by governments. Conclusion COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS According to Baumol, W. and Blinder, A. (2008), difference between the free market (capitalistic) system and the command economic system is mostly manifested by the role of the government and the model of ownership to the means of production. In the market-driven economy, production exists for the benefit of an individual, whereas, in the planned economy, an individual exists for the benefit of production. As we know, under the conditions of the command economy, companies, agriculture, shops, and other production resources were owned by the government and major economic problems were solved by the governmental planning authorities. Thus, in the countries of centralized planning, the key role is performed by the government. The situation is radically different under the market-driven conditions: these problems are solved by buyers and sellers and the fixed production assets are owned by the right of ownership. In this economic model, the government performs a conditionally small role. The combination of the market-driven (capitalistic) economy and the command economy is the mixed economy (Baumol, W. and Blinder, A., (2008). Both the theory of economics and world experience proved that the most effective is such a mixed economic system in which market relationship elements rather than command relationship elements prevail as both the USSR and other countries of the command economy regularly experienced the deficit of some or another products and did not cope with too slow increase in the efficiency of agriculture and other business activities. Though the mixed economy is more efficient if market relationship elements prevail, the latter elements also have some drawbacks.

Physics of Swimming :: Sport Sports Swimming Swim Physics

Common Strokes for Swimming There are four common strokes associated with swimming: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and crawl stroke. Breaststroke and backstroke are considered ‘rest’ strokes; crawl stroke, also known as freestyle, and butterfly are known as ‘power’ strokes. A rest stroke uses less energy to travel the same distance, however; it takes longer to achieve this distance. A power stroke uses more energy and covers greater distances in less time. The sidestroke and elementary-backstroke are two more rest strokes used in swimming. Each of these are not used competitively, but instead are taught to beginners to help them understand all aspects of swimming. Each stroke is unique in body position and the method used to propel each body differs for every stroke. Body Position and Physics While swimming, it is important to realize what each body part is doing and where it is moving. The push-off: While pushing off the wall, the body should be submerged and facing the bottom of the pool. The hands should be together and stretched out in front. The biceps, pressed against the ears, head stationary and perpendicular to the body. The swimmer should be flat and streamline in the water, with the feet swept back. The push-off is the same for all the strokes, except the backstroke. In this situation, the body is instead facing the ceiling of the pool. Physics: As the body assumes a streamline position and is forced off the wall, the sleeker the body, the less drag produced. If any of the characteristics listed above change, a greater drag-force is applied to the body, thus slowing the swimmer down. When the body begins to loose speed and float to the surface, the kick and first stroke is applied. The kick helps propel the body through the water, while the stoke helps pull it. The stroke: Each stroke and pattern is unique. The crawl stroke uses a flutter kick and an ‘S’ stroke to propel the body. The butterfly uses the dolphin kick and a ‘key-hole’ stroke. The back uses the same flutter kick as the crawl, but uses an out-sweep 'L' stroke. The breaststroke uses the breaststroke kick and a scooping motion for its pull. Physics: Each stroke has a catch, power phase, and recovery. The physics of each stroke is similar so only the freestyle will be explained and the others will be related to it. Freestyle begins with the catch, a motion which allows the swimmer's hand to engage the water. Physics of Swimming :: Sport Sports Swimming Swim Physics Common Strokes for Swimming There are four common strokes associated with swimming: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and crawl stroke. Breaststroke and backstroke are considered ‘rest’ strokes; crawl stroke, also known as freestyle, and butterfly are known as ‘power’ strokes. A rest stroke uses less energy to travel the same distance, however; it takes longer to achieve this distance. A power stroke uses more energy and covers greater distances in less time. The sidestroke and elementary-backstroke are two more rest strokes used in swimming. Each of these are not used competitively, but instead are taught to beginners to help them understand all aspects of swimming. Each stroke is unique in body position and the method used to propel each body differs for every stroke. Body Position and Physics While swimming, it is important to realize what each body part is doing and where it is moving. The push-off: While pushing off the wall, the body should be submerged and facing the bottom of the pool. The hands should be together and stretched out in front. The biceps, pressed against the ears, head stationary and perpendicular to the body. The swimmer should be flat and streamline in the water, with the feet swept back. The push-off is the same for all the strokes, except the backstroke. In this situation, the body is instead facing the ceiling of the pool. Physics: As the body assumes a streamline position and is forced off the wall, the sleeker the body, the less drag produced. If any of the characteristics listed above change, a greater drag-force is applied to the body, thus slowing the swimmer down. When the body begins to loose speed and float to the surface, the kick and first stroke is applied. The kick helps propel the body through the water, while the stoke helps pull it. The stroke: Each stroke and pattern is unique. The crawl stroke uses a flutter kick and an ‘S’ stroke to propel the body. The butterfly uses the dolphin kick and a ‘key-hole’ stroke. The back uses the same flutter kick as the crawl, but uses an out-sweep 'L' stroke. The breaststroke uses the breaststroke kick and a scooping motion for its pull. Physics: Each stroke has a catch, power phase, and recovery. The physics of each stroke is similar so only the freestyle will be explained and the others will be related to it. Freestyle begins with the catch, a motion which allows the swimmer's hand to engage the water.

National Buy Nothing Day Essay

​A hard-working, single mother receives her pay-check that to her horror reads a measly $225.30. She doesn’t use the money for her, instead she uses that money to care for her two children, she needs to pay the rent, and the electricity but her kids need food to grow. As she heads to the bank to cash the check she passes the neighborhood local store and no cars are outside and the light are dim. Nothing comes to her mind as to what seems different, she proceeds to head over to the bank, and notices that there is no clerks and no long lines? So many things run through her mind so she parks her beat-down car, that clanks and rattles. As she becomes even more worried there is a bright white paper that reads,† Due to the over-consumption rates, the government has issued a National Buy Nothing Day, we are sorry for any inconviences.† Her world is instantly shut down and she becomes scared as to how she is going to feed her children. This is exactly what I fear wi ll happen if a National Buy Nothing Day is issued, so in my opinion, a National Buy Nothing Day would be a bad idea. ​A National Buy Nothing Day would become a huge inconvenience to many people over the world. Many people in the United States work minimum wage jobs and have a family to care for. 75% of the population works pay check to pay check just to give the basics to their family, and majority of the money is spent on food that they hope will last them the whole month until they are paid again. Sadly, more times than you would like to see parents unhealthy and always tired because they put their children before themselves, and what if the National Buy Nothing Day just so happened to fall on pay day. The heartbreak that would radiate from the couple, and the worry that rushes through their mind as to how they are going to feed their kids tonight and when t hey are going to be able to come back and cash that paycheck? Now that the parents view is shown, imagine the reaction of the kids that come home and see that there is no food on the table and the have to be told from their parents tha t they have to go to sleep hungry tonight. That’s heartbreaking for anybody, and everybody. ​Along with an inconvenience to many Americans, a National Buy Nothing Day would hurt the life of a teenager, very significantly. Teenagers  are the main percentage of individuals that add to the rate of over-consumption. Even though they are the big spenders in this era, they often rely on the â€Å"quick stops† to help them proceed with their school day. 8 out of 10 teenagers have a car in high school and with having a car comes a huge cash flow. Many teens can barely wake up in time to go to school and this often leads to them not eating, and scientists have proven that this can greatly affect their performance with anything they do in the day. So they make a quick stop at either McDonalds, or in New Mexico Blakes Lotaburger for a quick burrito, so they can eat something to fuel their bodies for the day. High school athletes rely on eating more than anyone, because they need that fuel to burn off, either at their zero-hour basketball practices or their afternoon football practice. So, the Buy Nothing Day would send these athletes hungry to school and the only thing they will eat is their lunch, and with starting school at 7:00 and not even eating until 12:00, that’s a 5 hour long span of lacking concentration in class. ​Medication is more times than others bought on a daily for many individuals with medical problems and the vast majority of this is children. 30% of individuals die annually because of lack to medications that can save them, and 10% of them are children. Thats almost half the percentage! Children are more venerable to illnesses and harsh sickness than adults due to the fact that their bodies are still developing. What if on the National Buy Nothing Day that one child that has for instance, epilepsy, runs out his precious medication that prevents seizures. At any moment in the day he could experience pain in their head and in a blink of an eye, they are having a seizure. On the daily, 2/3 children die a day from seizures and helpful medication prevents this from ever happening. How must it feel for a mother to know that you can’t go and buy your child medication because the government just shut down all stores for a day that may open the eyes to consumers? Anxiety that p asses through mother knowing their child is at any time vulnerable to a life-taking illness. ​Of course, many feel differently. One argument cited by many others is that a National Buy Nothing Day would open the over spending ways of many Americans. Yes, maybe this all we need to open our eyes but would just like other events that were supposed to â€Å"help† us, more times than others we just go back to our old ways. Like for instance, in the time of The Great Dust Bowl, Farmers were  plowing heir fields non-stop and destroying the once fertile land. Then once the Dust Bowl came wiping out anything that was in it’s way, Farmers soon realized that their ways were in desperate need of reform, but what happened again? Farmers were back to their old ways and doing what they just did before. It’s the mind of the American people that determine everything we do. Now should it be the government’s job to show us our wrongs? Why no! We can say were going to change but do we ever really do? For a national objective to work, everyone has to consent to it. ​Although a National Buy Not hing would open the eyes of many consumers everywhere, it can greatly impact others in different ways. Like the mother who can’t find a way to feed her beautiful, small bundles of joy, or the teenager that can’t buy his breakfast for the day, more negatives aspects come out of this than the good.

Analysis and Historical Context from Second Treatise of Civil Government by John Locke Essay

The previous fragment we’ve read belongs to the work of John Locke, ‘Second Treatise of Civil Government’, who published it anonymously in 1689. It is a work of political philosophy, in which Locke talks about civil society, natural rights and separation of powers. Locke was one of the first empirical philosophers and he believed that the human being was born with no knowledge, and that experience and observation were the base of all human wisdom. In the text, Locke talks about how powers should be separated and not concentrated in the same person (the King) because he would be tempted, and in fact it was happening, to use them just to satisfy his desires. Locke also says that individuals are under no obligation to obey one another, and that we are all born free. He continues talking about how a man has the power to do whatever it takes to preserve himself and others, but always obeying the law of nature. People have the power to overthrow the king if he is not being just with his subjects; people have absolute right to choose a governor, and it should not be all about the ‘great chain of being’, a term Locke finds ridiculous because the governor should be elected by people and not by blood. An absolute monarch is illegitimate because we are all born equals. Locke says that there are three fundamental rights for a human being: life, liberty and property. These ideas were extremely dangerous because they despised the royal way of governing, and that’s the reason why Locke had to publish his work anonymously. They meant a revolution in the mentalities of his time. Locke’s work had a tremendous influence upon the Founding Fathers. Locke’s idea of men being endowed with natural rights had an enormous influence upon the American Declaration of Independence; the rights there enumerated, â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness†, were for Locke â€Å"Life, Liberty and Property†. For Locke, the Founding Fathers and for us, property is synonymous with the pursuit of happiness and liberty, and they wouldn’t be possible without property. This means that natural rights are intertwined and mutually dependent. The loss of any one means the effective loss of the other two. A government that seeks to extort money from its citizens by overtaxing them is imposing upon the liberty of the people. This was the primary reason the Founding Fathers of this nation embarked upon the Revolutionary War. They understood that taxes imposed without the consent of the governed were indeed a grave imposition upon their liberty. Before Locke wrote his work, there had been many absolute monarchs in the throne of England like John in 1199 or James I in 1603, and later James II in 1685. Then, a civil war came during Charles I’s reign from 1642 till 1651. The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with a Republic ruled by Oliver Cromwell. The period called ‘the Protectorate’ may be said when Cromwell was installed as Lord Protector in 1653. From then until his death in 1658, he ruled in a state of conflict with parliaments. On May 1660, the parliament resolved that the government of England ‘ought to be by King, Lords and Commons’. A week later, Charles II was proclaimed king and before the month was out entered London in triumph. Although Charles II’s reign produced the two rival factions, Whig and Tory, from which political parties were later to develop, they were almost identical twins. Each believed as firmly as the other in the maintenance of monarchy; each at different times adopted policies previously pursued by the other. The Restoration of 1660, by restoring crown, church and lords, put Englishmen back once more under a system of government proven unworkable. With a king on the throne who still wanted to govern, and a group of dissatisfied men in parliament who wanted his government to be controlled by them, conflict was hard to avoid. But the civilian revolution did not happen until after Charles II’s death in 1685. King Charles was succeeded by his brother James, who became James II of England and VII of Scotland. James is best known for his belief in absolute monarchy and his attempts to create religious liberty for his subjects against the wishes of the English Parliament. Increasingly members of Britain’s political and religious elite opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded and leading nobles called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. James fled England (and thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James’s daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. Parliament issued the Bill of Rights, which stipulated the rights and obligations of the monarch. William and Mary reigned jointly till 1694 when Mary died. Then, William continued to reign alone. He died in 1702 and Queen Anne, the daughter of James II and the last Stuart monarch, succeeded William III. She, like Mary, was a Protestant. On May 1707, under the Acts of Union, England and Scotland were united as a single sovereign state, the Kingdom of Great Britain, though Scotland kept its legal system and also the Presbyterian Church. Anne became Great Britain’s first sovereign. All Anne’s children died so that her cousin, Sophia of Hanover was declared her heir. However, Sophia died the same year as Queen Anne and so her son George of Hanover was the one in succeeding Queen Anne becoming George I of England. Basically, this text is a more specific critique of government, stressing the rule of the majority as the most practical choice for government. He identifies three elements necessary for a civil society: a common established law, a known and impartial body to give judgment, and the power to support such judgments. He calls for a government with different branches, including a strong legislature, and an active executive who does not outstrip the lawmakers in power. Toward the end of the Treatise, Locke finally arrives at the question of forming a new government. When the state ceases to function for the people, it dissolve or is overthrown and may be replaced. When the government is dissolved, the people are free to reform the legislative to create a new civil state that works in their best interest. Locke insists that this system protects against random unrest and rebellion because it allows the people to change their legislative and laws without resorting to force.